Czech and Slovak Ophthalmology 141 10.31348/2020/1 Review Current Use of Automatic Retinal Oximetry – a Review Hübnerová Petra https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2356-5541 Mlčák Petr https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1832-7218 Šínová Irena Šín Martin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5073-9482 Karhanová Marta https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0879-3055 30 8 2020 1 1

Purpose: To inform about possible use of the automatic retinal oximetry for the retinal oxygen saturation measurement in the eye and systemic diseases. Methods: We performed a literature review dealing with issues of retinal oxygen saturation monitoring by dual non-invasive retinal oximetry Oxymap T1 (Oxymap ehf. Reykjavík, Iceland). Results: We have found two main strains writing our paper on retinal oxygen saturation eye diseases. The first section concerns diseases created by having hypoxia as its main pathological factor - for example diabetes mellitus and retinal vein occlusion. The second group deals with atrophy as the main pathological mechanism which is typical for decreasing retinal oxygen consumption – for example glaucoma or retinitis pigmentosa (the second one named is not included in our work). Oximetry in systemic diseases creates a relatively new chapter of this branch with a very big potential of interdisciplinary cooperation for the future. It is possible the cooperation will not only include diabetologists but also neurologists (for example, in diseases like sclerosis multiplex or Devic‘s, Alzheimer‘s and Parkinson‘s disease) and haematologists (retinal oxygen saturation changes in patients with different rheological attributes of blood). Conclusion: Retinal oxygen saturation measuring by automatic retinal oximetry is a relatively new method with scientifically confirmed high reproducibility of results. Currently it is the only experimental method with vast potentials not only in the realm of the possibility of observing eye diseases (diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusion or glaucoma) but also in developing interdisciplinary cooperation with diabetologists, neurologists and haematologists.

 automatic retinal oximetry retinal oxygen saturation diabetic retinopathy multiple sclerosis References Abegão Pinto, L., Willekens, K., Van Keer, K. et al.: Ocular blood flow in glaucoma–the Leuven Eye Study. Acta Ophthalmol, 94(6); 2016: 592-598. Alder, VA., Cringle, SJ.: Vitreal and retinal oxygenation. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 228; 1990: 151–157. Arsene, S., Giraudeau, B., Le Lez, ML. et al.: Follow up by colour Doppler imaging of 102 patients with retinal vein occlusion over 1 year. Br J Ophthalmol, 86; 2002: 1243–1247. Arvas, S., Ocakoglu, O., Ozkan, S.: The capillary blood flow in ischaemic type central retinal vein occlusion: the effect of laser photocoagulation. Acta Ophthalmol Scand, 80; 2002: 490–494. Ashton, N.: Vascular basement membrane changes in diabetic re - tinopathy. Montgomery lecture 1973. Br J Ophthalmol, 58; 1974: 344–366. Barbazetto, IA., Liang, J., Chang, S. et al.: Oxygen tension in the rabbit lens and vitreous befor and after vitrectomy. Exp Eye Res, 78(5); 2004: 917-924. Beach, JM., Schwenzer, KJ., Srinivas, S. et al.: Oximetry of retinal vessels by dual-wavelength imaging: calibration and influence of pigmentation. J Appl Physiol, 86; 1999: 748–758. Broadway, DC., Drance, SM.: Glaucoma and vasospasm. Br J Ophthalmol, 82; 1998: 862–870. Campochiaro, PA., Bhisitkul, RB., Shapiro, H. et al.: Vascular endothelial growth factor promotes progressive retinal nonperfusion in patients with retinal vein occlusion. Ophthalmology, 120(4); 2013: 795-802. Cheng, J., Kong, X., Xiao, M. et al.: Twenty four hour pattern of intraocular pressure in untreated patients with primary open angle glaucoma. Acta Ophthalmol, 94(6); 2016: 460-467. Cogan, DG., Kuwabara, T.: Capillary Shunts in the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Retinopathy. Diabetes, 12; 1963: 293–300. Costello, F.: Evaluating the use of optical coherence to - mography in optic neuritis. Mult Scler Int, Volume 2011: doi:10.1155/2011/14839410.1155/2011/148394 Cugati, S., Wang, JJ., Rochtchina, E. et al.: Ten-year incidence of retinal vein occlusion in an older population: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Arch Ophthalmol, 124(5); 2006: 726-732. Einarsdottir, AB., Hardarson, SH., Kristjansdottir, JV. et al.: Retinal oximetry imaging in Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis, 49(1); 2015: 79-83. Einarsdottir, AB., Olafsdottir, OB., Hjaltason, H. et al.: Retinal oximetry is affected in multiple sclerosis. Acta Ophthalmol, 96(5); 2018: 528-530. Eliasdottir, TS., Bragason, D., Hardarson, SH. et al.: Venous oxy - gen saturation is reduced and variable in central retinal vein occlusion. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 253; 2015: 1653–1661. Foster, PJ., Buhrmann, R., Quigley, HA. et al.: The definition and classification of glaucoma in prevalence surveys. Br J Ophthalmol, 86; 2002: 238–242. Graham, JJ., Ryall, RG., Wise, PH.: Glycosylated haemoglobin and relative polycythaemia in diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia, 18(3); 1980: 205-207. Grauslund, J., Green, A., Sjolie, AK.: Prevalence and 25 year incidence of proliferative retinopathy among Danish type 1 diabetic patients. Diabetologia, 52; 2009: 1829-1835. Grieshaber, MC., Flammer, J.: Blood flow in glaucoma. Curr Opin Ophthalmol, 16; 2005: 79-83. Guduru, A., Martz, TG., Waters, A. et al.: Oxygen Saturation of Retinal Vessels in All Stages of Diabetic Retinopathy and Correlation to Ultra-Wide Field Fluorescein Angiography. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 57(13); 2016: 5278-5284. Hammer, M., Vilser, W., Riemer, T. et al.: Diabetic patients with retinopathy show increased retinal venous oxygen saturation. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 247(8); 2009: 1025-1030 Hardarson, SH., Stefansson, E.: Oxygen saturation in central retinal vein occlusion. Am J Ophthalmol, 150; 2010: 871–875. Hardarson, SH., Stefansson, E.: Oxygen saturation in branch retinal vein occlusion. Acta Ophthalmol, 90; 2012a: 466–470. Hardarson, SH., Stefansson, E.: Retinal oxygen saturation is alte - red in diabetic retinopathy. Br J Ophthalmol, 96; 2012b: 560–563. Harris, A., Sergott, RC., Spaeth, GL. et al.: Color Doppler analysis of ocular vessel blood velocity in normaltension glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol, 118; 1994: 642–649. Hayreh, SS.: Prevalent misconceptions about acute retinal vascular occlusive disorders. Prog Retin Eye Res, 24; 2005: 493–519. Hickam, JB., Sieker, HO., Frayser, R.: Studies of retinal circulation and A-V oxygen difference in man. Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc, 71; 1959: 34–44. Hu, SJ., You, YA., Zhang, Y.: A study of retinal parameters measured by optical coherence tomography in patients with multiple sclerosis). Int J Ophthalmol, 8(6); 2015: 1211-4. Jørgensen, CM., Bek, T.: Increasing oxygen saturation in larger retinal vessels after photocoagulation for diabetic retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 55(8); 2014: 5365-5369. Jørgensen, CM., Hardarson, SH., Bek, T.: The oxygen saturation in retinal vessels from diabetic patients depends on the severity and type of vision-threatening retinopathy. Acta Ophthalmol, 92(1); 2014: 34-39. Khoobehi, B., Firn, K., Thompson, H. et al.: Retinal arterial and venous oxygen saturation is altered in diabetic patients. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 54; 2013: 7103–7106. Kohner, EM.: Diabetic retinopathy. BMJ, 307; 1993: 1195–1199. Kuwabara, T., Cogan, DG.: Retinal vascular patterns. VI. Mural cells of the retinal capillaries. Arch Ophthalmol., 69; 1963: 492– 502. Lin, LL., Dong, YM., Zong, Y. et al.: Study of retinal vessel oxygen saturation in ischemic and non-ischemic branch retinal vein occlusion. Int J Oph, 9(1); 2016: 99. Linsenmeier, RA., Braun, RD., McRipley, MA. et al.: Retinal hy - poxia in long-term diabetic cats. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 39(9); 1998: 1647-57. Noma, H., Funatsu, H., Mimura, T. et al.: Vitreous levels of pigment epithelium-derived factor and vascular endothelial growth factor in macular edema with central retinal vein occlusion. Curr Eye Res, 36; 2011: 256–63. Paques, M., Baillart, O., Genevois, O. et al.: Systolodiastolic variations of blood flow during central retinal vein occlusion: exploration by dynamic angiography. Br J Ophthalmol, 89; 2005: 1036–40. Paques, M., Garmyn, V., Catier, A. et al.: Analysis of retinal and choroidal circulation during central retinal vein occlusion using indocyanine green videoangiography. Arch Ophthalmol, 119; 2001: 1781–7. Pe’er, J., Folberg, R., Itin, A. et al.: Vascular endothelial growth factor upregulation in human central retinal vein occlusion. Ophthalmology, 105; 1998: 412–16. Roy, S., Ha, J., Trudeau, K. et al.: Vascular Basement Membrane Thickening in Diabetic Retinopathy. Curr Eye Res, 35; 2010: 1045– 1056. Rojanapongpun, P., Drance, SM., Morrison, BJ.: Ophthalmic ar - tery flow velocity in glaucomatous and normal subjects. Br J Ophthalmol, 77; 1993: 25–29. Schweitzer, D., Leistritz, L., Hammer, M. et al.: Calibration- free measurement of the oxygen saturation in human retinal vessels. Ophthalmic Technologies V., Proc SPIE 2393; 1995: 210–218. Severinghaus, JW.: Monitoring oxygenation. J Clin Monit Comput, 25; 2011: 155–161. Shindler, KS., Ventura, E., Dutt, M. et al.: Inflammatory demye - lination induces axonal injury and retinal ganglion cell apoptosis in experimental optic neuritis. Experimental eye research, 87(3); 2008: 208-213. Singer, M., Tan, CS., Bell, D. et al.: Area of peripheral retinal nonperfusion and treatment response in branch and central retinal vein occlusion. Retina, 34; 2014: 1736–42. Stefansson, E., Pedersen, DB., Jensen, PK. et al.: Optic nerve oxygenation. Prog Retin Eye Res, 24; 2005: 307–332. Svrčinová, T., Mareš, J., Chrapek, O. et al.: Changes in oxygen saturation and the retinal nerve fibre layer in patients with optic neuritis – a pilot study. Acta ophthalmol, 96(3); 2018: 309-314. Šínová, I., Chrapek, O., Mlčák, P. et al.: Automatická retinální oxymetrie u pacientů s diabetickou retinopatií. Cesk Slov Oftalmol, 72(5); 2016: 182-186. Šínová, I., Řehák, J., Nekolová, J. et al.: Correlation between ischemic index of retinal vein occlusion and oxygen saturation in retinal vessels. Am J Ophthalmol, 188; 2018: 74-80. Takahashi, K., Muraoka, K., Kishi, S. et al.: Formation of retino - choroidal collaterals in central retinal vein occlusion. Am J Ophthalmol, 126; 1998: 91–99. Tiedeman, JS., Kirk, SE., Srinivas, S. et al.: Retinal oxygen consumption during hyperglycemia in patients with diabetes without retinopathy. Ophthalmology, 105; 1998: 31–36. Tranquart, F., Arsene, S., Aubert-Urena, AS. et al.: Doppler assessment of hemodynamic changes after hemodilution in retinal vein occlusion. J Clin Ultrasound, 26; 1998:119–24. Tranquart, F., Arsene, S., Giraudeau, B. et al.: Initial color Doppler findings in retinal vein occlusion. J Clin Ultrasound, 28; 2000: 28–33. Traustason, S., La Cour, M., Larsen, M.: Retinal vascular oximetry during ranibizumab treatment of central retinal vein occlusion. Br J Ophthalmol, 98; 2014: 1208–1211. Traustason, S., Hardarson, SH., Gottfredsdottir, MS. et al.: Dor - zolamide-timolol combination and retinal vessel oxygen saturation in patients with glaucoma or ocular hypertension. Br J Ophthalmol, 93; 2009: 1064–1067. Tsui, I., Kaines, A., Havunjian, MA. et al.: Ischemic index and ne - ovascularization in central retinal vein occlusion. Retina, 231; 2011: 105–110. Williams, R., Airey, M., Baxter, H. et al.: Epidemiology of diabetic retinopathy and macular oedema: a systematic review. Eye (Lond), 18; 2004: 963–983. Williamson, TH., Grewal, J., Gupta, B. et al.: Measurement of PO 2 during vitrectomy for central retinal vein occlusion, a pilot study. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 247; 2009: 1019–1023. Yoneya, S., Saito, T., Nishiyama, Y. et al.: Retinal oxygen saturation levels in patients with central retinal vein occlusion. Ophthalmology, 109; 2002: 1521–1526. Zong, Y., Lin, L., Yi, C. et al.: Retinal vessel oxygen saturation and vessel diameter in retinitis pigmentosa at various ages.Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 254(2); 2016: 243-252. Willerslev, A., Hansen, MM., Klefter, O. et al.: Noninvasive imaging of retinal blood flow in myeloproliferative neoplasms. Acta ophthalmol, 95(2); 2017: 146-152.