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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Czech and Slovak Ophthalmology</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">305</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31348/2024/1</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group>
          <subject>Original article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Disease: The Clinical Spectrum and Management of Case Series in a Tertiary Eye Centre in Northern Part Of Malaysia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hasan</surname>
            <given-names>Nur Atiqah</given-names>
          </name>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6724-6343</contrib-id>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mustapha</surname>
            <given-names>Mushawiahti</given-names>
          </name>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0416-3574</contrib-id>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wan Abdul Halim</surname>
            <given-names>Wan Haslina</given-names>
          </name>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9140-4040</contrib-id>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>1</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <elocation-id>3</elocation-id>
      <abstract>
        <p>Aims: We present the clinical spectrum, the initial clinical presentation with management trends in treating 14 Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease cases in a tertiary center in the Northern part of Malaysia. Case series: There were 14 cases of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease retrospectively reviewed over five years (from 2015 to 2020). The mean age at presentation was 37.7 years (range 21–64 years), with female predominance (85.7%). All cases presented with acute uveitic stage and bilateral eye involvement. Of them, 11 (78.6%) were probable VKH, and three (21.4%) were incomplete VKH. All patients attended with acute panuveitis at first presentation. The main posterior segment involvement was disc edema in 57.1% (16 out of 28 eyes) and exudative retinal detachment (ERD) in 35.7% (10 out of 28 eyes). Most of them presented with blindness (3/60 and worse) and moderate visual impairment (6/18–6/60); 35.71% each, followed by mild visual impairment (6/12-6/18), and severe visual impairment (6/60–3/60); 7.1% each. Ten patients (71.4%) required combination second-line immunomodulatory treatment during subsequent visits, and only four patients (28.6%) responded well to corticosteroid therapy. Most of the cases achieved no visual impairment (64.3%), followed by mild visual impairment (21.4%) and moderate visual impairment (14.3%), and none were severe or blind at the end of follow-up. Conclusion: VKH is a potentially blinding illness if there is inadequate control of the disease in the acute stage. Most of our patients achieved good visual outcomes with early immunomodulatory treatment and systemic corticosteroids.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <kwd>Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>immunomodulatory</kwd>
        <kwd>corticosteroid</kwd>
        <kwd>panuveitis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
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</article>
