Czech and Slovak Ophthalmology 35 Others Recommended procedure for eye examination for infants and children of pre-school age in regular outpatient practice Zobanová Anna 30 1 2018 5+6 10

Vision or visual perception is a complex function of the visual analyser on all of its levels, i.e. the eye, ocular pathway and brain's visual processing centres, including the association areas. Visual acuity is only one of several parameters of vision. Others are e.g. the visual field, colour perception, contrast sensitivity, adaptation to light and darkness and spatial vision. Even for an experienced ophthalmologist it is very difficult to answer one of the most frequently asked questions of parents of a small child: “How does our child actually see?”

 References Divišová, G.: Strabismus, Avicenum Praha, 1979; 44–67. Hyvarinen, L.: Vision in children normal and abnormal, Meaford, Ontario, 1988; 1–9, 11–16, 21–22. Buckley, E. G.: Pediatric neuro-ophthal - mology examination, Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, Wright K.W. and Spiegel P.H., Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., 2003; 865–875. Stout, U.: Pediatric eye examination, Pediatric Ophtalmology and Strabismus, with periventricular leukomalac – visual, cognitive and neuropaediatric cha- racteristics related to cerebral imaging, Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 199; 38, 724–735. Zobanova, A.: Respektování fysiologického vývoje zraku v preventivních prohlídkách dětí a dorostu, Vox pediatrie 2004; 9, 20–21. Repka, M. X.: Refraction in infants and children, Pediatric Ophthalmology, Nelson L. B., Calhou J. H,. Harley R.d., Eds. W,B, Sauneders Company, 1991; 94–106. Jacobson, L., Ek, U., Fernell, E. et al.: Visual impairment in preterm children Modlingerova, E., Zobanova, A.: Zá - kladní ortoptické vyšetření prováděné ortoptistou, Oftalmologie pro praxi, 2017; 15–17. Zobanova, A.: Dětská mozková obrna z pohledu oftalmologa, Neurologie pro praxi, 2011; 12(4), 234–238. • It is also necessary to monitor disorders of motility and symmetry of configuration of the eyes practically from the 4th month of age of the child, at the latest at the age of 6 months. • Practically from the 6th month it makes sense to measure refraction, but this is possible from the moment of birth. A positive family anamnesis of blunt vision or large refractive error is the reason for measuring refraction at the latest within the 8th to 12th month of life, at least for a screening test with the aid of a Plusoptix instrument. • We test visual acuity after prior training of co-operation. We always use a plaster occlusor to cover the other eye. • We insist on all-day wearing of glasses. CONCLUSION It is evident that the most critical period for the development of vision is the first year of the child's life, especially the first half thereof. During this period the child is entirely