The aim of the work is to summarize recent observations on the pathogenesis of glaucoma, both from animal experiments and from clinical examinations of humans suffering from pathological intraocular pressure (IOP). Based on the knowledge gained, to present modern examination methods for diagnosing individual changes in the retinal vasculature and optic nerve papilla, the nerve fiber layer and retinal ganglion cells. Conclusion: The highest statistical significance in the vasculature of the peripapillary and papillary areas was recorded in pathological IOP in the vessels inside the optic nerve disc. In the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) after cleaning from vessel density, pathological values were recorded in vertical segments, i.e. in places where the axons of the retinal magnocellular ganglion cells enter the papilla. In the retinal ganglion cells, pathological changes were recorded when examining the far nasal part of the visual field.